Analysis Of The Movie Death Of The Fire - 792 Words

This movie had two main actors, Thomas and Victor. When both of them were babies, Victor’s dad Alvin accidentally catches a home on fire and kills Thomas’s parents. Alvin does manage to save Thomas and Victor from the fire. Due to the traumatizing experience, Alvin begins to drink heavily and abuse his son. Alvin never admitted to his tribe that he caught the home on fire and Thomas has to go wondering for majority of his life. When Victor is a child, Alvin divorces his wife and moves away. Quickly into the movie it is obvious and Thomas and Victor have different personalities, Thomas is nerdy and Victor is more of a jock. Victor cares what other people think about him and wants them to perceive him as a tough indian, which always looks as though he just killed a buffalo. Partially into the movie Alvin dies, Thomas and Victor must go to Alvin’s residents to pick up his remains. Once his receives his fathers ashes, he finds out the truth about him catch ing Thomas’s home on fire. While watching this movie several cultural differences emerged. According to Thomas and Victor, indians do not like to sign any contracts, they barter for things that they want, indians pride themselves on their long hair, and they talk about how they cannot be perceived as weak to the white man. Another culture difference I noticed is how they live together, in our culture it is common to live apart from our parents. Thomas and Victor both had the desire to stay close and protectShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie Death By Fire 1922 Words   |  8 PagesIn the short video â€Å"Death by Fire† we learn of the story of Todd Willingham. We are presented with facts about a fire, which killed Willingham’s three children, which ultimately sent him to his death. The case begins in the small town of Corsicana, Texas. On December 13, 1991 Todd Willingham’s home was ablaze and his children were trapped inside. Neighbors say th ey witnessed Willingham outside, on the front porch screaming for his children and screaming for help. As the fire raged, firefightersRead MoreAnalysis of The Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl Poster783 Words   |  4 Pages Design Analysis Essay BCM 110 In this essay I am going to analyse the movie poster for the film ‘Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl’ . This film was released in 2003 directed by Gore Verbinski and it was a huge Box-Office hit and had great reviews . It also made Johnny Depp the superstar he is now and it stars other actors such as Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley . The genre of the film is an action adventure film with lots of other elements in it . Read MoreMan on Fire: Summary and Analysis Essay644 Words   |  3 PagesBullet of Truth: A Brief Summary and Analysis of How a Bullet Never Lies Thesis Statement: In the Man on Fire Suicide Scene, Creasy proves that a bullet never lies. 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The story takes place in 1960s Jackson, Mississippi, during the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement. The death of Medgar Evers triggers racial tension and gives the maids of Jackson the courage to retell their personal stories of injustice endured over the years. The movie depicts the frustration of the maids with their female employers and what their lives were like cleaning, cooking, and raising their bosses’ children. The Help shinesRead MoreFilm Review : Romeo Must Die 1269 Words   |  6 Pagesactor Jet Li, Han is imprisoned in Hong Kong but after the news is revealed that his brother has died (Po) he escapes and heads to the United States to avenge his brother s death. Han meets Trish O’Day, the daughter of a Isaak O’Day, he is the leader of an african american gang that is at war with Chu Sing. Due to Po’s death Isaak finds it necessary to protect his children, so he assigns them bodyguards to protect them from Chinese retaliation. 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The Amendment Should Be Legal - 858 Words

In the passing decades there has been debate about the 14th Amendment and whether it should be amended or not. It truly is something to bring up as our nation is changing and some of the old ways should be brought up and discussed in Senate, House of Representatives, and even in our own daily lives. The country that we live in gives us the choice to voice our views of government and what should stay or go. I will discuss how that the 14th Amendment should stay as is. Many Americans believe that the 14th Amendment is influencing illegal immigration but it is not. It should not be amended because the Citizenship Clause portrays that a person born or naturalized within the U.S. jurisdiction is a citizen. Congress has constitutional power to define what is within its jurisdiction. In the 1898 of US v. Wong Kim case Supreme Court made a wrong decision by not following the truth of the 14th Amendment. To begin with, this belief that the 14th Amendment should not be amended starts wit h what is discussed within the Amendment itself, the Citizenship Clause. In The American Spectator it states, â€Å"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizen of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.† (Pulliam) Thus, this was made to correct the infamous Dred Scott V. Sanford decision and gave citizenship to the newly freed slaves. In The American Spectator, Senator Jacob Howard stated about the Citizenship Clause,Show MoreRelatedShould Children of Immigrants Become US Cititzens? Essay1507 Words   |  7 Pagesis covering is weather or not the United States should allow the children of immigrants to become legal citizens. Some question if it is a violation of the US constitution to allow the citizenship of children born on US soil to parents who have entered the US illegally. 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The idea of corporations being granted legal personhood dates back to the start of the nation, but it is also no secret that the simple thought of a corporation claiming the same rights as a human being has been ridiculed in the past. Former presidential candidate Mitt Romney s infamous

Media’s Negative Effect on Adolescents Free Essays

America’s youth has become overwhelmed by the media. What was started as just a media stream has become an issue to today’s adolescent society. Before World War II, the only form of media that was available to young people was only print, motion pictures, and the radio (Roberts12). We will write a custom essay sample on Media’s Negative Effect on Adolescents or any similar topic only for you Order Now In a ten year span, the television distribution increased from fifty percent to fifty-five percent; then in a four year span it increased to eighty-seven percent. Coinciding with the growth of the media available to adolescents, the content of the media has changed (12).In today’s society, the media has created specific contents aimed at the youth. In Roberts article Trends in Media Use, he states that â€Å" Television has moved from family programming, to children programs, and now to complete channels aimed at the youth market† (12). Ever since the creation of novels and comic books, the effect of media has been debated. Mass media have existed for centuries; its history is traced back when dramas were performed in the early days in different cultures. The term â€Å"mass media† evolved as a result of the printed media (Bhattacharyya). In 868 A.D, the first newspaper was printed in China. Due to the expense of paper and the inability for people to read, the use of newspapers was not popular therefore making it unsuccessful. Europe can boast about being mass media’s primary source because it was in 1453 that Johannes Gutenberg that he printed the first book in a printing press. It was during World War II that the radio, television, and video were introduced. As a result of its information and entertainment, the audio-visual facilities became popular which later paved the way for internet, the later form of mass media.The internet later became popular because of the different things that individuals can do such as generate information about literature, politics, fashion, etc. when others can listen to music while working and playing games (Bhattacharyya). Other forms of mass media include: magazines, video games, compact disc, digital video disc, advertisements, and more. Adolescents have particular needs that they would like fulfilled. They have the need to be accepted in friendship groups, to become popular, to have relationships with people of the opposite sex, etc.Because mass media publishers and producers understand this need, they create advertisements on television, the internet, on billboards, etc. on how to meet that need using a particular product or doing something contrary to how they were raised (Kulkarni). Therefore, publishers and producers should monitor what they put in mass media because of the violent behavior, sexual influence, and the false body image portrayal to adolescents. Publishers and producers should monitor what they put in the mass media because of the violent behavior displayed by adolescents as a result of the violent behavior showed on TV and/or video games.There have been about three-thousand studies on the effect of media violence on adolescents; few of the studies show no effect (Strasburger 557). According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, an American child would have vie wed about two-hundred thousand acts of violence on TV alone by the age of eighteen. â€Å"The Mediascope National Television Violence Study found that children are learning aggressive attitudes and behaviors, becoming desensitized to real world violence, and are developing a fear of being victimized by violence† (The AAP). For instance, in the year 1963, Professor A.Badura along with other professors â€Å"studied the effect of exposure to real-world violence, television violence, and cartoon violence†. ‘They divided 100 preschool children into four groups. The first group watched a real person shout insults at an inflatable doll while hitting it with a mallet. The second group watched the incident on television. The third watched a cartoon version of the same scene, and the fourth watched nothing. When all the children were later exposed to a frustrating situation, the first three groups responded with more aggression than the control group.The children who watched the incident on television were just as aggressive as those who had watched the real person use the mallet; and both were more aggressive than those who had only watched the cartoon. † (Media Awareness Network) One might make the observation that adolescent children will try to mimic what they have seen on because of the fact that they saw someone else do it. Secondly, publishers and producers should monitor about what they place in the media because adolescents are being exposed to sexual explicated medium.The studies of sexual messages displayed in television shows, movies, etc. have discovered that there has been an increase in the number of portrayal and conversations about sex, along with intense explicitness of these portrayals (Huston 1). â€Å" The television research shows a fairly consistent sexual message across TV genres,† Huston states, â€Å"most portrayals of sex depict or imply heterosexual intercourse between unmarried adults, with little reference to STDs/AIDS, pregnancy, or use of contraception† (1). A 2006 news article from CBS, states that â€Å"adolescents who have see and hear frequently about sex in the media may be more than twice as likely to have been involved in intercourse verses those who are rarely exposed to it. † (CBS News) According to a study published in Pediatrics, â€Å"researchers surveyed more than 1,000 public middle school students in North Carolina when they were twelve to fourteen years old and again two years later when they were fourteen to sixteen years old.Researchers measured each teen’s sexual media diet by weighting the frequency of exposure to sexual content in four major types of media: TV, movies, music, and magazines. The teens were divided into five equal-sized groups ranging from the lowest exposure to the highest exposure. The results showed that exposure to sexual content at ages twelve through fourteen increased the risk of early teen sex even after taking into account other factors known to reduce the likelihood of teen sex , such as parental disapproval of teen sex and getting good grades.In fact, each increase in grouping of sexual content media exposure increased the risk of teen sex by thirty percent  Ã¢â‚¬Å"(CBS News). Because adolescents are becoming curious from being exposed to sexual explicit medium, this should be an eye-opener to publishers and producers that they should be more careful about the sexual explicit content they are placing in the medium. A study was done on popular shows viewed by adolescents on Prime-Time television. Results display that fifty-percent of characters in the shows encounter some form of sexual intercourse.These shows display Sex as something that is done for recreational purposes, not having anything to do with having a relationship or even the intention of reproducing (Ward). In addition, the Music Television(MTV) is a prime example of television program that depict sexual messages to their viewers, adolescents. â€Å"From the beginning, MTV transformed music into television programming by using fast-paced visuals to grab the attention of a very specific youthful audience – a new generation that had been raised with television and had different ways of processing nformation (Sherman and Etling 378).† Finally, publishers and producers should monitor what they place in the mass media because it portrays false body images of actors and models. Body image is a term that embodies an internal perception, thoughts, and self-evaluation of an individual’s physical outward appearance (Presnell 2007). The media can be one of the main contributions in the formation of body self-images and could be responsible for displaying unrealistic expectations and body dissatisfactions among adolescents, particularly young girls (Strasburger 560). Adolescence is a critical developmental period, bringing numerous physical changes, social challenges, and role transitions that increase vulnerability to  body  dissatisfaction (Presnell 2007). †Ã‚   Conveyed messages in the media about body images are often associated with increased body dissatisfactions, while exposure to the ideal thin image contribute to decreasing self-esteem among adolescents, females in particular (Presnell 2007). â€Å"Beauty standards that are sanctioned by an individual’s culture are hypothesized to influence how individuals perceive and evaluate their bodies.Western culture currently endorses an ultra-thin figure for women and a lean, muscular one for men. Pressure to conform to these ideals is evident in messages from the  media, parents, and peers (Presnell 2007). † According to the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, studies have proven that there has been an increase in the number of plastic surgery procedures among adolescents from 59,890 in 1997 to 205,119 in 2007. This increase in plastic surgery was a result in adolescents wanting to be accepted by society after watching some type of mass media.The most common procedures among adolescents include Rhinoplasty, Breast Reduction, Correction of Breast Asymmetry, and Chin Augmentation (Conwell 2008). In addition, promiscuity is celebrated in the media. Nelly Furtado, secular artist, sold more albums from her hit â€Å"Promiscuous,† than other albums she made, due to her sexed up image. â€Å"Party girls Paris Hilton and Britney Spears forgot their underwear for a night out, and teen girls echo those images on their MySpace pages. † This devastation caught the attentions of many as well as the American Psychological Association. The APA classify this era as â€Å"The Sexualization of Girls. In a report done recently, psychologists and educators express that these images are damaging to the self-image and mental health of girls which is also teaching them to disrespect themselves (Dahl 2007). One may argue that mass media does not effect adolescents in negative ways. In the year 1999, Dylan  Klebold  and Eric Harris were the suspects in what is known as â€Å"The Columbine Shooting. † Klebold and Harris killed 12 people along with themselves at their high school in Columbine, Colorado. It was reported that this horrific event was inspired by a video game entitled â€Å"Doom,† which was a shooting game.The day before the killing, Klebold and Harris made a homemade video about how they were going to reenact the violent video game. Witnesses say that these two teenage boys went through the school randomly shooting under tables, desk, and in different locations of the school; as if they were playing the game in real life (Cullen 1999) According to Ofcom, t he broadcasting industry watchdog, television channels have the ‘human right’ to broadcast offensive material. A mother of two disabled kids was offended by what was said in a television program.The regulator claimed that what was said in the TV program was â€Å"editorially justified (The Telegraph 2010). † The producers may feel that it is alright to put, what viewers may call, offensive because they are trying to provide true entertainment and want to known for having some of the high ranking show with the most viewers. However, moral responsibility is the key. Just because they have the right to display what they want, they should still monitor what they place in mass media because of the behavior that adolescents will display as a result of they see in various medium.The real life experiences should be an eye opener to media publishers and producers to monitor what they display. It is true that publishers and producers have the freedom of expression, according to Article Ten of the European Convention on Human Rights. However, this article does not just apply to publishers and producers of medium, but also to concerned parents. They too have the freedom to express their concerns about what is being placed in the media simply because they want to protect their offspring from being contaminated from what is being showed to them.In conclusion, the media does contribute the development of adolescents and it important that publishers and producers monitor what they place in the media because some parents are not responsible enough to monitor what their kids watch. It can and will have a short or a long-term effect on them. The media has influenced adolescents to do crazy things such as behaving violently, participating in sexual activity, and going to extreme measures to make themselves look and feel good, all as a result of something that they have seen on television, in a magazine, in an advertisement, and more.Publishers and Producers cannot accomplish this task alone, but the parents must help out and work with them in achieving such tasks. If the publishers and producers does not work along with the parents, adolescents are open to whatever comes their way; which may result in something tragic such as the Columbine Shooting. How to cite Media’s Negative Effect on Adolescents, Papers

Work Groups and Teams in Organizations

Question: Discuss about the Work Groups and Teams in Organizations. Answer: Introduction Work is a group activity which requires co-operation among members for effective functioning of the organization. Groups are an important factor of any company. A group is a number of people who communicates with each other and are psychologically aware of each other and consider them to be a group. A team is formed when a number of people have a common goal to achieve and their personal success is dependent on others. A tension and counter-balance of human behavior need to be shown in the team. People in a team showcase individual skills which are different from each other (Kolb 2013). Literature Review A group can be formal and informal. Formal groups are formed to achieve an organizational objective and co-ordinate work activities. The objectives are identified by the management and certain rules, norms and relations are formed. Informal groups are formed to maintain personal relationship and agreement. People serve to fulfill their social needs and psychological needs not necessary related to the work. Individuals form a group or team for various reasons (Kozlowski 2012). Particular tasks can be performed only by a group of people or by a team. A team or a group provides individual to showcase their skills and take initiative and create new ideas. Individual gets support from their colleague to form a mutual understanding. The team member expects every individual to follow rules and regulations set by the team leader. A person joins a group or team to protect their interest from outside threat (de Wit 2015). Bass and Ryterband have identified four different stages in group development; mutual acceptance and relationship, communication and decision-making, motivation and productivity and control and organization. An alternative model by Tuckman identifies five levels of group relationship and development (Thrmer, Wieber and Gollwitzer 2015). Forming- This stage is the initial formation of the group. Hierarchical structure, leadership pattern, individual roles and responsibilities and codes of conduct is considered. At this stage members try to create a great impression and form personal identity within the group. Storming- After the members get to know each other, they start expressing their agreements and disagreements on the task and arrangements made at the development stage. Norming- The members start forming guidelines and standards and form their own norms of acceptable behavior. This stage is important to create the need of members to coordinate for planning, agree standard of performance and fulfill purpose of the group. Performing- When a group progress, it creates structure and cohesiveness to work effectively as a team. Adjourning- This refers to disbanding of the group due to completion of task, members leaving the group. Some people lose interest in the project characterized by anxiety and sadness. Characteristics of an effective work group are:- A belief in shared aims and objectives Commitment to the group Accepting group value and norms A feeling of mutual trust and dependency Participation by all members in decision-making Free flow of information and communication Expressing feelings and disagreements Resolution of conflict by the members themselves Low level of staff turnover, accidents, errors and complaints A person should behave and perform as a member which is as important as their behavior or performance as an individual. Peace working relationship and good teamwork help make for a high level of staff morale and work performance. Effective teamwork is a vital feature to practice modern management like group management, total quality management, etc. Teamwork management is the important characteristic in certain sectors like hospitality sector which has direct influence on customer relationship and customer satisfaction (Peterson and Kim 2012). Teamwork basically involves reorganization of the way work is done. Teamwork increase competitiveness by:- Improvement in productivity Continuous innovation and quality improvement Taking advantage of technological opportunities Improvement in employee motivation and commitment Teamwork is a necessity and not an option for any company. This leads to creativity, achievement, success and energy level that someone working alone or working with one another person. The aim of teamwork is:- To take the best decision, not just a conclusion or easy decision. The ultimate responsibility of the team leader is to check the quality of the decision taken and quality of the team-thinking effort which led to the decision. To get the best professional team-thinking, the team leader must ensure that office politics, egoistic behavior and ignoring ideas must be avoided at any cost. The team-thinking professionals must ensure to answer the best questions, clearly and completely formulated. The process of team-thinking is not linear, it is iterative. Thus, the question can be altered later and same process can be repeated. The leader needs to keep a track on the sufficient alternatives and their forecasted results which is developed for assessment by the team. The ream leader will ask about other alternatives. He just not wants an answer. The leader realized to listen and seek ideas wisely of the team before expressing his or her ideas and preferences. In any professional team-thinking effort, more ideas should be created than used. But an idea rejected will remain rejected with respect and courtesy with clear explanation of rejection. This behavior is considered smart and decent. A reward equation and a probability of success calculation will be made explicitly before any important decision is taken. After a decision is made by the professional team, it should be implemented professionally. What leaders think should be taken into action. High technology and service businesses require teamwork. Task forces, project teams and committees are important elements in the workplace. If groups are successful and perform effectively, a spirit of unity and cooperation arise. The different behaviours of the team members must mix properly to work in a team successfully and achieve objectives. People are required to behave in a certain way, to concentrate on the work at hand, people to provide special knowledge and problem solvers. A team needs a checker who can make sure that everything is going well and the entire team is contributing. Most of the things to understand about group work is applied equally to both decision-making groups and teams but some issues may arise between different groups (Robbins and Judge 2012). Diagnostic tools Belbins team role inventory is developed by Meredith Belbin which analyze individual roles within a work group or team. Initially Belbin recognized eight types of contribution to the team. But now it is nine (Hollingshead and Poole 2012). Role Contribution description Allowable weaknesses Plant Creative, unorthodox, problem-solver Ignores details, occupied to communicate effectively Resource Investigator Enthusiastic, communicative, find opportunities Over-optimistic, loss interest once enthusiasm is lost Co-ordinator Confident, clarifies objectives, good decision-maker, delegator Manipulative, offloads personal task Shaper Challenging, dynamic, overcome obstacles Provoke others, hurts other sentiments Monitor-Evaluator Sober, strategic, judges accurately Lacks drive and ability to influence other people Teamworker Co-operative, diplomatic, good listener Indecisive in crunch situations. Implementer Disciplined, reliable, initiate practical actions Not flexible, respond slowly to new opportunities Completer Painstaking, anxious, delivers on time Inclined to worry unduly. Reluctant to delegate. Specialist Single-minded, dedicated, knowledgeable Contributes on only a narrow front. Dwells on technicalities. Table 1- Belbins Team role inventory This theory is a popular mode of examining and comparing team roles. Belbin has designed a Self-Perception Inventory designed to provide members of a group with a simple means of entering best team roles (Turner 2014). The Johari Window is a framework to look at self-insight to help people in the T-group process. The main feature of the T-group behavior is reducing a persons individual hidden behavior through self-disclosure and reduction of the blind behavior through feedback from others. A T-group is an approach to human relations training which talks about speaking, provide participants with various opportunities to learn more about themselves and their effect on others and learn how face obstacles (Haslam et al. 2014). Table 2- The Johari Window Hidden behavior- It is that behavior which an individual avoids or never communicate to other group members. It is a hidden or private part of an individual. An important task of the group is to whether a member communicates too less or too much about themselves to others. Blind area- The blind area is a behaviour which is known to others but unknown to self. The blind area includes gestures, manners and voice tone representing behavior of the impact on others the individual is unaware. It is also known as bad-breath area. Members must establish an environment of trust and openness to reduce hidden and blind behaviours and the public behavior is enhanced (Hinds 2015). Brainstorming also known as cloud bursting or thought showers involves adopting freewheeling attitude and generate as many ideas as possible. It includes exercise to generate ideas as much as possible. It encourages members to remove judgement, assume that creative thinking is best encouraged by group members and increase production. The quantity will lead to quality ideas. There are various process of brainstorming. It is based on freedom of expression with a relaxed and informal method. More emphasis is given on quantity of ideas generated. Group size is generally six to ten people. No ideas are rejected of any individual and are encouraged to elaborate on the ideas with no evaluation and feedback. This exercise is used to compare individual and group/team based performance (Egolf and Chester 2013). Table 3: Creative Thinking Areas for Improvement Individual satisfaction and Organization performance derived have a great impact by the communication taking place among the group members. Thus, members should work together not as an individual but as a team and maintain the spirit of unity and co-operation. One of the popular analysis is developed by Belbin who suggest nine important contributions or key roles for creating successful groups. The interaction level is impacted by the channel of communication used. The five main types of communication network are wheel, circle, all channel, Y and chains. To influence the operation and functioning of the group, it is important to study the behavior of individual group members (Rosenthal 2014). Groups and teams are essential feature for any organization. But there should be a balance of respect for all the members. It is rewarding to work in a group but also potentially demanding experience for the individual. To improve the performance of the company, it is important to understand the nature of the human relationships and what happens when a group of people meet together. This is where Johari window is applied to get to know about the hidden behaviour and blind area of an individual. It is difficult to draw any comparison about individual performance. Group decision making provides a number of advantage but can be adversely effected by the risky-shift phenomenon and groupthink (Hillier and Dunn-Jensen 2012). Brainstorming is an initiative to help a group produce more problem-solving ideas. However, doubts appear about the impact of brainstorming over an individual working under same conditions. Interest in group study and team has led to advancement of training process aimed at improving communication skills and self-insight. Attention is given to autonomous work groups. Quality circles are a potential medicine to group problem-solving, creativity and innovation (Barsade and Gibson 2014). Building successful team is important for any organization in this modern world. It is important to take into account various factors including behavior and character of a member, social skills and relationship among the group members and effective leadership emphasizing on clear interaction and trust. The work of a management is to oversee the development of team and give support and training which is necessary. Self-regulation is necessary to realize the potential of teamworking. A team will always need a degree of management direction. The need for continuous development and improvement is necessary for effective teamwork (Cronin 2015). The introduction of teamworking is an important step to be taken by the organization. It is important to ensure that management and employees of the organization contribute to their business strategy and aim for long term transformation of the company. The challenge and excitement of establishing teams may fade and it is easy for an organization to accept a certain level of performance which is less optimum. To achieve high performance, teams require challenges and changes regularly. This include changes in team personnel, new work, re-assessment of the contribution the team member makes to the company objectives and ensure teams have regular dealings with the other teams. Teamworking is not a finite task but a continuous improvement and innovation process (Armstead et al. 2016). References Armstead, C., Bierman, D., Bradshaw, P., Martin, T. and Wright, K., 2016. Groups vs. Teams: Which One Are You Leading?. Nurse Leader, 14(3), pp.179-182. Barsade, S.G. and Gibson, D.E., 2014. Work Teams Have Emotions, Too (and you need to understand them). European Business Review. Cronin, M.A., 2015. Advancing the science of dynamics in groups and teams. Organizational Psychology Review, 5(4), pp.267-269. de Wit, F.R., 2015. 9 CONFLICT IN PROJECT TEAMS. The Psychology and Management of Project Teams. Egolf, D. and Chester, S., 2013. Forming storming norming performing: Successful communication in groups and teams. IUniverse. Haslam, S.A., van Knippenberg, D., Platow, M.J. and Ellemers, N. eds., 2014. Social identity at work: Developing theory for organizational practice. Psychology Press. Hillier, J. and Dunn-Jensen, L.M., 2012. Groups Meet... Teams Improve: Building Teams That Learn. Journal of Management Education, p.1052562912459947. Hinds, P., 2015. Teams and groups. Wiley Encyclopedia of Management. Hollingshead, A. and Poole, M.S. eds., 2012. Research methods for studying groups and teams: a guide to approaches, tools, and technologies. Routledge. Kolb, J.A., 2013. Conflict management principles for groups and teams. Industrial and Commercial Training, 45(2), pp.79-86. Kozlowski, S.W.J., 2012. Groups and teams in organizations: Studying the multilevel dynamics of emergence. Methods for studying small groups: A behind-the-scenes guide, pp.260-283. Peterson, R.S. and Kim, K., 2012. Leadership in small groups and teams: Toward a theory of group leadership. Looking back, moving forward: A review of group and team-based research, research on managing groups and teams, 15, pp.27-47. Robbins, S.P. and Judge, T., 2012. Essentials of organizational behavior. Boston: Pearson. Rosenthal, C., 2014. The Differences between Groups and Teams. A Comparative Conceptual Analysis and Practical Implications. Thrmer, J.L., Wieber, F. and Gollwitzer, P.M., 2015. Planning high performance: can groups and teams benefit from implementation intentions?. Turner, M.E., 2014. Groups at work: Theory and research. Psychology Press.

Thomas Green Case Essay Example

Thomas Green Case Essay In order to determine what course of action Davis should take, the root cause of Greens struggles at Dynamic Display (ID) must be examined. Simply stated the root cause for Greens struggles stem from a lack of power and influence and a lack of credibility; however, the contributing factors for these causes require deeper examination. To fully understand the lack of power, a brief history of both Green and Frank Davis must be analyzed. According to the Beckman article, Greens short professional background included 6 years as an account manager in the banking division of a company selling Tams to regional banks in the Southeast. He was recruited to ID as an account manager in their Hospitality and Travel Division selling self-service kiosks. Due to his outstanding performance, Green was invited to a week-long training session at the corporate headquarters where he met Shannon McDonald, the Division UP. After several conversations Green discovered there was an opening for a corporate marketing role and began lobbying for the job (Beckman Gasser, 2008). Green utilized his time to persuade McDonald that he would be a good fit for this marketing role. According to Jay Conger, the four essential steps process of persuasion are establish reducibility, frame goals on common ground, vividly reinforce your position, and con neck emotionally (Conger, 1998). Greens track record of outstanding performance gave Green the credibility he needed to initiate this discussion with McDonald. He framed his goals using the fact they both attended the university of Georgia to build rapport and gain McDonalds support. Explaining his goals to McDonald and elaborating that he wanted to make a significant impact in the company vividly reinforced his position while allowing them to connect emotionally. We will write a custom essay sample on Thomas Green Case specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Thomas Green Case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Thomas Green Case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As a result, McDonald promoted Green o Senior Marketing Specialist reporting to Frank Davis (Beckman Gasser, 2008). Green was able to quickly move in to a senior-level position in what could be perceived as a short time frame with very limited experience; a typical career path to the senior marketing specialist at ID included tenure and field experience in the marketing specialist role (Beckman Gasser, 2008). Green moved into a role where he owned no currency or credibility, and was heavily dependent on both his manager and team. It was clear that Green did not have the power to effectively manage his team or work with his anger and O be effective, managers must find ways to acquire power With those on whom they are dependent. (Hill, What It Really Means to Manage: Exercising Power and Influence, 2000). It is important to note that the power An individual accrues is context-specific and hence dynamic: if the context changes, other things being equal, the individuals power Will ch ange. (Hill, Power Dynamics in Organizations, 1995). In this case, any power Green established while he was an individual account manager was lost in his new role, and he needed to find a way to grow power quickly. Unfortunately, Green possessed neither the expertise nor the track record in marketing to garner credibility with Davis and his own team, two very important characteristics needed in establishing power. Instead, Green chose to utilize a mask in order to help cover up his lack of power in the organization, further contributing to low performance in his role. According to Peter FUD and Richard Buddha, if Green had simply asked, What imperfections might he have been concealing (FUD Buddha, 2011), he would start to understand how his actions were contributing to a poor situation with his manager. By adopting the movie point of view to reflect on the situation, Green would understand how his lack of action was perpetuating his problems with his manager and allow him to recognize what changes in his behavior needed to occur. Had Green spent time reflecting on the situation, he would realize he needed to reach out to others within the organization for coaching. For example, his peers would have offered valuable insight. From an organizational and experiential perspective they could provide Green with relevant and credible direction while relaying knowledge around Davis performance expectations. McDonald could have offered valuable insight as Greens mentor and Offer ideas to help Green develop his sales strategy. Perhaps the best resource to reach out to for coaching would be Davis; Green could have learned what made Davis successful and leveraged both Davis and McDonalds positional power with the marketing specialists who reported to Green to help build credibility and establish his own power. Conversely, Greens manager Frank Davis appeared to have sufficient power and influence at a positional and personal level. For instance, his tenure with ID was 1 7 years, during which time he held various sales and marketing positions. ROR to his promotion to Director of Marketing he spent several years as a marketing specialist and a senior marketing specialist (Beckman Gasser, 2008). His tenure allowed Davis to gain the requisite knowledge and skills to perform both marketing roles prior to his recent promotion. This allowed him to maintain positional power within the organization while allowing him to build more influence throughout the organization. Credibility is a key factor in any organization, and since Green lacked credibility in his new role he was unable to successfully have an open dialogue with Davis regarding his tasks. One example involved feedback through which Davis recommended areas of improvement to Green; specifically, he expected Green to begin developing new marketing strategies for his region (Beckman Gasser, 2008). Davis set Green up for failure by using his positional power to put pressure on Green, even though he knew Green lacked the credibility with his team to complete this task. In the workplace, credibility grows out of two sources: expertise and relationships (Conger, 1998). Since he was Newton the role, he was still developing relationships which would allow him to be successful. His lack of experience reverted him from possessing the appropriate expertise to build credibility with his team. Additionally, when Green did not agree with Davis, he openly voiced his opinions to fellow employees and mana gers, and on one occasion during a budget planning meeting, Green directly challenged Davis on some of his forecasts. His relationship with Davis eventually reached a point where he purposely avoided interactions with Davis whenever he could (Beckman Gasser, 2008). If Green had successfully gained power and credibility with those he was heavily dependent, the relationship with Davis would not have deteriorated so quickly or to the extreme it did, and would have increased Greens chances for success in his current role. Failure to complete assigned tasks also hurt Greens credibility with his manager. In his former role, Green was very effective at building credibility by performing at a high level; this is evident because of the fact that .. Enron executives Quickly took notice of Greens performance and were eager to strengthen his relationship with the company (Beckman Gasser, 2008). Only through high performance and strong credibility could Green attract that kind of attention with executives. In order to build this type of credibility, Green must have met or exceeded all of the goals and objectiv es outlined for him; had he found a way to perform at that level in his new role, Green would have succeeded in gaining credibility with Davis and avoided the poor relationship with his manager. He could also have leveraged his sales experience, along with the requested information from Davis, to further build the credibility and meet his goal of making an impact at ID. Along with a lack of power and credibility, Thomas Green lacked influence. One of the key ways he lacked influence was illustrated by is inability to effectively persuade his manager. For example, when Green challenged Davis regarding the sales figures Davis presented at a meeting, Green did not have sufficient data to help support his claims that the numbers proposed by Davis were unreasonable (Beckman Gasser, 2008). For Davis, having quantitative data was very important for any discussion and would have provided Green common ground to engage in open dialogue. This also would have allowed Green the support needed for his position, and could lead to fact-based open discussion rather than an assumption-based argument. Stilling self-awareness, Green would have recognized that rather than directly challenging his manager in an open meeting, an off-line discussion would have allowed both sides avoid the risk of letting their passion control their arguments. When combined with a data-driven discussion, Green would have been able to successfully argue his points while gaining credibility with his manager. Alternative Theory E-mails Davis sent to McDonald paint a picture of an employee who is lazy and incompetent, supported by a line from an e-mail that read Thomas wastes a great deal of time complaining about the problems of selling And Numerous incidents of poor judgment and questionable behavior concerned me (Beckman Gasser, 2008). Green ineffectively dealt with office politics while unsuccessfully managing the challenges of interdependency (depending on others to get things done while they dependent on you), diversity (the differences between managers and those whom they depend on), and power gaps (the formal authority over those whom they are dependent) (Hill, Power Dynamics in Organizations, 1995). While suggestions have been made on how to improve his work within the office and with clients, Green chooses not to follow through with them. Green openly challenging Davis in a meeting set into motion the negative aspect of the law of reciprocity (do to others what they do to you) (Hill, Power Dynamics in Organizations, 1995). By making an enemy out of Davis, Green destroyed any credibility he had. He also complained about Davis to other coworkers which can slowly poison a work environment. These statements show that Davis is appropriately considering a change with Greens position, but perhaps Davis should reconsider the consequences of terminating Green. A little bit of self- reflection would show that a percentage of the blame should be focused on IM. Davis needs to take into account that his role has changed, and that he should look to lead more strategically compared to how he did as in his previous role. He should leverage the fact that Green is a rising star in the organization and Offer as much support as possible. While he has given Green specific goals, explaining his expectations to Green and helping him gain power and influence would also reflect well on Davis as a director. Although his role as a senior marketing executive is probably coming to an end, he can seek to be placed back into his former job in the organization. From there, he an continue to be mentored by McDonald and gain the crucial managerial experience. Due to the economy, Davis could theoretically easily find another person to fill Greens role; however, terminating Green would show that he is unable to develop new talent within the organization and reflect poorly upon himself. It may also take longer than anticipated to find a viable replacement for Green. As businesses are cutting back due to the economy, Davis must consider the potential revenue loss of having Greens position sit vacant. Recommendation Our recommendation is that Green be put on a performance improvement Lana and given a short leave to reflect upon the information that has been communicated to him from Davis and McDonald. During his reflection he should take a close look at the series of events that have occurred and come back to discuss with Davis. He needs to determine if he would handle his role moving forward given the knowledge he is now equipped with. He will then need to address the issue of office politics and how he sees himself in the corporate structure at Dynamic Displays. Finally, he needs to ask himself if he feels that he is a cultural fit or does he need to part ways with the company. Implementation After the appropriate paperwork is filed with human resources, Davis should have a mediated discussion with Green prior to Greens leave of absence. Assuming Green chooses to return to Dynamic Displays, the first thing he needs to do is address his work flow issues in order to restore his rapport with Davis. He can do this by completing the tasks already requested by his manager. This will be an effective way to show initiative, be a team player, and work to repair his credibility within the organization. Finally, Green should work to be a more effective listener, taking special note of when to talk and when to listen. Green should also work on not biblically challenge his superiors, even when he does not agree with their decisions.

Molecular gastronomy has become a key topic and it is the new fashion for chefs to offer their customers. The WritePass Journal

Molecular gastronomy has become a key topic and it is the new fashion for chefs to offer their customers. Introduction Molecular gastronomy has become a key topic and it is the new fashion for chefs to offer their customers. IntroductionLiterature ReviewConclusionRelated Introduction In these few years, molecular gastronomy has become a key topic and it is the new fashion for chefs to offer their customers. This is a new culinary trend called molecular cooking has been investigated as the most exciting development in haute gastronomy. Molecular gastronomy is refers to a modern style of cooking, which is a discipline practiced by both scientists and food professionals that studies the physical and chemical processes that occur while cooking. As well as it is the use of such studies process in many professional kitchen and lab. Nowadays, molecular gastronomy can be seen in some haute hotels and restaurants, which has shown that this is getting popular. However, the confusion of molecular gastronomy has been appearing to be increase and what it was intended to achieve (Consin, J et al 2010). Therefore, this assignment is to explore the molecular gastronomy. Firstly, it is providing an overview of culinary changes through different periods including Tudor Kitchen, Georgian Kitchen and Victorian Kitchen as well as gastronomic figures especially Georges Ausguste Escoffier (1846-1935) who was a French chef had great contributions on gastronomy and an historical perspective and then summarise the origins and background of molecular gastronomy and the current literature of this subject. Literature Review The overview of culinary change In 17th century, gastronomy had major changes, new foods arrived in this century and the taste had change. The consumption of exotic birds such as peacock, swan, crane and heron decreased and they preferred meats were beef, veal, and mutton as well as huge quantities were still remained but only freshwater fish e.g. salmon and trout were the preferred (Strong, R 2003). In this period of Tudor kitchen, the consumption of meat in the Middle Ages was very expensive, rare and very much reflected social class who could afforded. However, the consumption of bread and pottage were reflected to lower class and peasantry as well as soft cheese and eggs were available if they had hen and cow (Paston- Williams, S 1995). Almost peasantry and lower class kept animal such as pig in order to provide some fresh meat, also animal were not only used in cooking, it was used in culinary and clothing, items like bone for spoons and leather for shoes and clothes. In terms of cooking utensils, most of the utensils were made in wood or terracotta clay and no fork were used as it was unknown at that period. The changes in Georgian time, sweet and savoury had launched in Georgian kitchen. Also, wooden trenchers and cooper pans had replaced by pewter, silver and copper pans. There was a big change in terms of British culinary habits in Victorian Period in 18th Century as well as there were more British citizens began to used imported goods. People lifestyle changed including what people ate and the way they preserved and prepared food, many kitchen tools had been invented and improved. Eating our market had been increased as well as foreign food. Taste had major changed between 1986 and 1990, fast food outlets turnover increased by 83% and cafà © and restaurant increased by 63% (Cullen, 1994). The greatest attribute of a chef has been to create a successful and lasting fashion. This is throughout history and the tradition has also continued to be well demonstrated over the last three hundred years, by chefs such as Alexis Soyer (1809-1859) and Antonin Careme (1784-1834). However other great gastronomic figure Georges Auguste Escoffier (1846-1935) had also emerged to contribute to the development of cuisine and gastronomy. Escoffier was a French chef and legendary figure among chefs and gourmands in gastronomy. He was also one of the most important people that developed of modern French cuisine and his cuisine technique was based on Antoine Careme (Escofffier, 1921). Moreover, Escoffier’s recipes, techniques and approaches to gastronomy are still highly influence today, not only France, it have been adopted by chefs and restaurants throughout the world. He wrote the definitive text on classical cuisine Le Guide Culinaire (1902). However, it was not until the 1970s, i t was because the supremacy was threatened by the arrival of nouvelle cuisine. In 1879, Cesar Ritz and Escoffier left from the Savoy hotel and therefore, Ritz had a chance to set up his own hospitality business, it established in 1898 and called the Ritz Hotel Development Company. For Escoffier set up his kitchen and recruited the chefs for his kitchen in London (Brigid, 2004). Many clientele of the high society came from Savoy hotel to Carlton hotel where he was cooking. Carlton hotel in London offered haute cuisine at lunch and dinner as well as tea, which has became a fashionable institution in Paris and later in London (Ashburner, 2004). However, after launching the tea in hotel, it caused Escoffier real distressed as it cased that customer might have too many meals in a short period of time (James, 2006) What has made Escoffier became successful in gastronomy. Escoffier had a better contribution in his culinary in 1913, he met Kaiser Wilhelm II on board the SS Imperator which was one of the largest ocean liners of Hamburg Amerika Line in Germany. The culinary experience on board the imperator was overseen by Ritz Carlton, the restaurant itself was a reproduction of Escoffier’s Carlton restaurant in London. He was in charged and supervising the kitchen on board the Imperator during the Kaiser to France. The Kaiser was so impressed with Escoffier’s dinner as well as Kaiser’s favourite strawberry pudding and named fraises. Therefore, he became Emperor of chefs, this was quoted frequently in the press as well as many newspapers, he was establishing Escoffier’s reputation as France’s preeminent chef (James 2006). Escoffier retired in 1920 but he continued o run the kitchen through World War One. The Morden Gastronomy In any historical account of gastronomy, Escoffier’s legacy is also can not be ignored. And in the modern gastronomy, he is generally considered to be main exponent of cuisine (Levy, 1984). In terms of his culinary, he broke the traditional culinary and lightened saucing and garnishing. However, he still remembered the primary for his efforts to simplify the kitchen working practices and utilise talent more rationally (Wood, 1991). He instituted the kitchen system in an effort to eliminate the disorganisation and duplication of prevalent in the conventional kitchens of the period caused by failures to institute clear cut accountability and work systems. According to Escoffier’s partie system, in the kitchen each employee was assigned a well defined role and operated within carefully fixed parameters. A full range of job titles were developed and some of had already existed, each of the employee who work in kitchen relating to specialist range of procedures and responsibilities. Escoffier’s system was hierarchically, it stratified over the twentieth century and it has been remained to some level. Although the shortages of modified with periodic of skilled talent, but the catering production and the changes could be improved from the technological advances (Wood, 1991). According to this hierarchy of the classically modelled ‘grand’ partie system, the top of the hierarchy was the ‘maitre chef des cuisines’ as also status as executive and was assisted by the ‘chef de cuisine’, which is the head chef that we know the role today. Below the ‘chef de cuisine’, there are one or more sous chefs, depending on the size of the brigade it was also hierarchically stratified and numerically titled, the lower possessing more seniority such as first sous chef and second sous chef. Below this level of the working members of the brigade, the specialists term ‘chefs de partie’ or other named as section head, it presided over by the premier chefs comprising chef, they were expect to be elevated to more managerial roles by dint of their knowledge and successful passage through of the ranks. The lowest rank in the class kitchen is ‘apprenti’ (Gillespie, 1994). Escoffier’s kitchen should stimulate and provides training in order to develop individuals to the stage where a thorough basic and eventual specialism in the craft of the chef could be codified. To some people thought that Escoffier’s hierarchy was viewed as bureaucratic founded phenomenon constraining innovation in cuisine. But the outcome of the system for chef was that they formed a formal job structure, a culinary aristocracy comprising those who had made it through the hierarchy to become a head chef (James, 2006). Nowadays, many restaurants and hotel the kitchen has been designed to be more productive and the organisation of production has become more systematic, this is designed around standardised final products, these changes is due to the cook chill and in the ability of yeast to be reactivated after freezing have changed approaches to the preparation of food. Therefore, the kitchen system have reduced die to the ability of technology to maintain freshly prepared food for long period of time (Riley, 2005). Moreover, technology of food production, storage and regeneration are supporting for attractions of food and the cooking order might require a long time for cooking. Other alternative is to offering a small variety produce at a controlled level of quality. This could be more productive, but it could segment the market (Riley, 2000). To addition, many people prefer ‘keep it simple’, which means not so complex of the food, even at the higher level in the restaurant. However, according to the French cuisine in earlier times, cuisine was based on Escoffier’s guide to modern cookery encouraged large a la carte menu (Riley, 2005). Not only the knowledge of French cuisine as well as other national cuisines have embedded within a set of physical or craft skill, this is in order to perform and motivate of the occupation chef. Despite the fact that the principles of cookery can be taught outside the French cooking class, it is essential for any level of cooking, even the mi xture of cuisine which is beloved of famous chefs. However, within the vocational education, there was debating of serious issues of resourcing chef training (Baker et al, 1995). The fashion of culinary Professional chefs need to have a well knowledge and skills, also cultural and artistic training are also essential. According to Ferguson and Berger (1985), creativity is important and the first priority element in culinary education, it is in order to develop the best chef in future. However, there was a research that mentioned culinary arts has been limited, but cooking is still seen as a skill oriented discipline (Horng and Lee, 2009). In the old days, the chefs were mainly focused on developing culinary skills and techniques, modern management concepts and creativity were not in the core when they were in training. However, in now a days, with the advantages of the internet and more advanced technologies for communication and transportation. Therefore food cultures and markets could become more diversified than the old days. There is an increasing number of creative professional in the culinary arts, it is because of the higher level institutes for culinary education. This has b ecome the most important in culinary education (Guildford, 1950). In the traditional assumption of individual’s creativity is mainly based on their own personal characteristics (Simonton, 1988), creativity is linked to environmental variables, and the outcome is that the environment might play a role in fostering, stimulating or repressing creativity (Sternberg, 1988). Creativity is mainly influenced by environment and culture, as well as the background and the context of the people where they grew up, in the special field which is to express the personal creativity and a range of other social and cultural factors (Horng and Lee, 2009). In recent years, the social and environmental factors of creativity have become clearer, cooperation and competition between chefs could also help chef encourage individual culinary creativity (Yeh, 2004) Nowadays, good chef not only needs a good skill and technique of cooking, they also need to have a potential of business management skill as well as creativity in order to enhance the commercial success (Gillespie, 1994). In recent years, public relations play an important role, it is to spreading information to the media or press in order to maintain a recognisable profile (Levin, 1993). Furthermore, good chefs noticed that the importance of fashion ability by establishing their won market within contemporary culinary culture. The merchandising of having an own brand product is one simple way and very effective of doing this, there a more chef endorse other merchandise, equipment, plant and companies (Gillespie, 1993). The status is very important to chef as a motivation and a major driving force of these individuals, also chefs have an ability to differentiate themselves from other chefs quite startlingly. Whereas, the status and the rank in the Escoffier style culinary was based as much on training program, as well as length of service and apprenticeships, the status hierarchy of chefs is much flatter in nowadays. Serving in the world great hotels is no longer as a guarantee of star status (Gillespie, 1994). The molecular gastronomy For years, there is a culinary combined with creative and fashion called molecular cooking, it is a new trend in gastronomy and it is the most exciting development in haute cuisine, it is a modern style of cooking which takes advantages of innovations from scientific discipline. It is a new fashion for chefs offering some fake food which is used by chemical and other ingredients. E.g. fake caviar made from sodium alginate and calcium, spaghetti made from vegetables and ice cream made from liquid nitrogen (This, 2006). Molecular gastronomy is invested by both scientists and food professionals that occur while cooking, the current objective of molecular gastronomy is to investigate and explain the chemical reasons behind the transformation of ingredients, also social, artistic and technical are the important components of culinary gastronomic phenomena in general (This, 2006). The origins of the term molecular cuisine was firstly invested by Herve This and Nicholas Kurti. Herve This is a French physical chemist and work at the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique dates the invention of molecular gastronomy to 1988, he is specific interesting and keen on molecular gastronomy which is the science of culinary phenomena. Nicholas Kurti (1908-1998), he was a Hungarian born physicist and one of the leading experimental physicists. He is also interesting in cooking and always applying scientific knowledge to culinary problems, he had been given a title as the physicist in the kitchen (This, 2005). The name of Molecular gastronomy came from the international commercial workshop on the on the physical and chemical aspects of cooking which was run by This and Kurti, also Kurti and This used the term molecular and physical gastronomy. However, after Kurti died in 1998, they decided to use the less cumbersome term molecular gastronomy that they always preferr ed (This, 2005). Moreover, the epithet molecular was chosen to limit the scope of this new scientific enterprise on gastronomy the definition of gastronomy is the reasoned knowledge of all that relate to human feeding themselves, It is aiming to the preservation of man by means of the best possible food. The original objectives of molecular gastronomy are exploring existing recipes also introducing new tools, ingredients and methods into the kitchen and lastly, using molecular gastronomy to help the general public understand the contribution of science to society (This, 2006). Furthermore, the original of investigation of molecular gastronomy are investigate how ingredients could changed by different cooking methods, using machine of aroma to release and the perception of taste and flavour, how cooking methods affect the eventual flavour and texture of food ingredients as well as how new cooking methods might improve the result of texture and flavour (This, 2005). The chemistry and physics of the phenomenon, behind the preparation of any food is in order to gain knowledge through the scientific study of food preparation which enable to be healthier, attractive and more people to cook better food. As a molecular gastronomy, it could inspire chefs to create exciting new dishes and inventions (This, 2006). To addition, there were many scientists had contributions in the science of food preparation, but there was difference between the science of ingredients and the science of culinary processes. Although there have an impact on other aspect of lives, but scientific advances have done little to change the cooking habits (Kurti, 1995). In the evolution of molecular gastronomy, often there has been misused in the media for chefs apply molecular cooking techniques developed by scientists to their own way of cooking. However, molecular gastronomy has been misunderstanding that the trend on cooking or cooking techniques, consequently many chefs was successfully adopting tools and techniques more traditionally associated with the sciences than culinary arts (Blanck, 2007). According to Nation’s Restaurant News, Ferran Adria has always been promoted as being a founder of the molecular gastronomy trend in cooking and his restaurant el Bulli has been named as ground zero for the world’s molecular gastronomy movement (Walkup, 2006). Molecular gastronomy seem to be phenomenon throughout the European, but in USA there are two profile studies have been highly recognised into the scientific study of cooking: culinology and experimental cuisine (Consins et al, 2010). According to Food Product Design mentioned that the term culinology was coined in 1996 by American Research Chefs Association (ARCA), they described the fusion of two disciplines which were culinary art and food technology, which is to allow the blending of culinary art and the science of food (Cousminer, 1999). ARCA offers degrees which are focused on the science of mass food production and preservation of restaurant such as dishes based on culinary artistry in many colleges and universities (Cousminer, 1999). Molecular gastronomy has been launched over 20 years, Mr This analysis recipes from the old days, this is try and see whether the old chefs’ intuitions could be scientifically tested to show if they made sense or not (Cressey, 2008). This is because of many chefs often making very precise observations of chemical reactions in the kitchen. However, sometimes chef’s explanation was rather unscientific. Moreover, Mr this are interesting putting old chef’s quote through scientific testing is very typical of the French mind, more related to rationality and abstract reasoning but proudly attached to its century old traditions at the same time (This, 2006). Conclusion The aim of this assignment was to explore the changes of gastronomy from the old days till nowadays. The literature review had highlighted that throughout the history, fashion, modern and fashion of gastronomy as well as the newest culinary molecular gastronomy. The great people had contribution on gastronomy and they had a big impact on modern gastronomy as well as the changes of daily life in this century. Moreover, in the last 300 years, the changes inside the kitchen as well as cooking tools had all contributed to the improvement of culinary. Escoffier had a big contribution on gastronomy and his effort from the past had also influence the chefs in nowadays. He codified the cuisine of the time and also built up the foundations of modern professional cookery and food production management. To addition, the gastronomy movement from the end of the twentieth century, which is known as nouvelle cuisine was also initiated. This was supported by a range of chefs at the top of their prof essional and also supported by the influential and knowledgeable publishers at the time. Moreover, the physical chemist Herve This and the physicist Nicholas Kurti, they had explored the science of cookery and launched molecular gastronomy, even though Kurti died, This was keep exploring the science of cookery to culinary, also they referenced from the past gastronomic figures in order to improve the culinary and more innovation of science of cookery. Having used the term molecular gastronomy, it has since become also associated with culinary movement. Adria is a chef that developing new and distinctive type of restaurant concept, dining experiences and the most important is they also follow the traditions of the great innovators of the last 300 years who were working in gastronomy. Although molecular gastronomy is still very fresh and new to customers and might only offer in the high level restaurants, but surely molecular gastronomy could be common to people and this developments will lead to a lasting gastronomic movement, however, the movement will clearly need to be accepted and understand the name.

Minimum Wage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Minimum Wage - Essay Example The existence of minimum wage among the working class society of America is proving a confusing task for policy makers, and it is high time this debate was put to rest with concrete evidence for or against the minimum wage. In my opinion, there should be no minimum wage altogether. This is because its existence pushes people (both employers and employees) to react differently to their current financial situations. The fact that any state or county can alter its minimum wage to suit the current financial situation is evidence of the double standards that exist in most local government institutions. It is the belief of most people who support the minimum wage that it is there to protect the low-treading workers in society (Taylor & Weerapane, 2009). However, it should be noted that the same people the minimum wage aims to assist may also be the main source of their pain. Minimum wage, according to my understanding, is a government’s value of an individual worker. It is imposed by the government, and whatever it dictates should be adhered to, which should not be the case. It is my belief that an individual’s value should be determined by the open, free market. In service jobs where the employee receives tips, there should be no differing and/or lower minimum wage for these individuals. Employers are bound by law, even in these services, to pay the employee who receives tips their minimum wage. This is regardless of whether the employee has regularly received tips, or not. One thing worth noting is that in such services, employers are forced to pay minimum wage to these employees if they have not been able to equal the required lowest hourly income through tips. Minimum wage laws specific to a given state require that employees who are under federal and state laws must receive provisions that have the greatest benefits (Neumer & Wascher,